TABLE 4.1 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS, CONTINUED.
Year Denmark Germany France UK Italy Sweeden Netherlands EU USA
Foreign trade and current acount
Exports of goods and services, per cent of GD 1995 34.5 23.6 23.5 28.1 27.6 40.8 53.3 29.5 11.4
Imports of goods and services, do. 1995 30.4 22.8 21.1 29.0 23.4 34.5 46.9 27.6 13
Current account, do. 1995 1.0 -1.2 1.6 -1.8 2.4 0.6 5.2 0.5 -2.0
Net foreign debt, do. 1994 27.9 -9.9 6.6 -2.3 10.7 57.7 -13.0 - 11.7
Gross saving ratio, per cent of GDP* 1995 17.8 21.3 19.7 13.8 20.5 16.3 24.6 20.2 15.9
Gross fixed capital formation, do. 1995 16.0 21.7 18.0 15.2 17.0 14.5 19.4 18.9 17.6
Consumer prices, annual percentage increase 1995 2.1 1.8 1.7 3.4 5.2 2.5 1.9 3.0 2.8
Net official development aid, per cent of GDP 1993 1.03 0.44 0.66 0.34 0.42 1.33 0.88 - 0.19
Environment indiactors
CO2 emissions in proportion to GDP, EU=100 1993 96.7 104.0 65.2 130.9 91.5 61.9 120.9 100.0 180.2
1. PPPs = Parchasing Power Pareties
2. Including Building and construction.
3. Number, of employed as percentage of number of persons
between 15 and 64 years of age.
4. EUROSTAT-definition.
5. EMU-definition.
6. Data refer to 1994.
7. Data refer to 1992
Sources : European Comimission, AMECO, automo 1996 OECD Economic Outlook. No. 60, 1996.
OECD Emironmental Data Compendium 1995. EUROSTAT Danmarks statistik
TABLE S.1 KEY FIGURES FOR DENMARK
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percentage change from previous year 1.5 4.2 2.7 2.2 2.9 2.7
Real GDP 1.2 2.9 1.9 2.3 2.4 2.8
Real GDP in OECD countries (1) -0.3 3.1 2.5 2.1 2.4 2.8
Do., weighted with Danish exports of manufactu -4.0 12.4 6.1 4.9 6.1 7.2
Export markets, volume (manufactures) -1.4 -1.3 -3.9 0.4 -0.2 -0.9
International competitiveness
Consumer pride index 1.2 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.3
Hourly earnings 2.4 4.2 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.0
Merchandise export prices -1.9 0.7 2.0 0.9 1.2 1.8
Merchandise import prices -1.9 1.2 2.4 1.1 2.3 2.0
Merchandise terms of trade -0.0 -0.4 -0.4 -0.2 -1.0 -0.2
Productivity in private non-agricultural 1.8 2.3 -0.1 -0.0 1.5 1.8
sector (3)
Real disposable income, private sector (4) 2.6 4.0 2.9 0.5 0.9 3.3
Labour market :
Labour force (1.000 persons) 2835 2824 2809 2796 2810 2821
Employment (1.000 persons) 2486 2481 2521 2550 2585 2606
Of which in private sector 1706 1705 1747 1759 1783 1801
in public sector (5) 780 776 774 791 802 805
Percentage change in total employment -1.0 -0.2 1.6 1.2 1.4 0.8
Unemployment (1.000 persons) 349 343 288 246 225 215
Early retirements (1.000 persons) 113 119 138 169 173 175
Persons on leave (1.000 persons) 5 51 82 61 52 50
Unemployment rate (percent) 12.3 12.2 10.3 8.8 8.0 7.6
Unemployment rate (percent) (6) 10.1 8.2 7.1 6.2 6.0 5.6
Saving ratios (percent) :
Private sector 26.0 24.1 25.2 23.5 22.2 22.4
Households 5.6 3.6 5.1 4.4 3.3 3.1
Long term band yields, exchange rate :
10-year government bond 7.3 7.8 8.3 7.2 6.7 6.6
30-year mortgage credit bond 8.4 8.6 9.4 8.4 7.9 7.7
The effective krone-rate (index, 1980=100) 99.9 99.9 103.9 102.9 102.0 101.7
Balance of payments :
Goods and services (bill.Dkr.) 65.8 58.6 44.0 48.3 49.5 51.0
Current account (bill.Dkr) 31.4 20.4 9.4 12.0 13.0 15.0
Current account in percent of GDP 3.6 2.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3
Net foreign debt, ult., (bill.Dkr.) 291.0 259.0 266.0 255.0 243.0 229.0
Do., in percent GDP 33.3 27.9 27.4 25.2 22.9 20.6
Public finances :
Government net lending (bill.Dkr.) -33.9 -31.7 -18.7 -18.4 2.1 4.9
Do., in percent GDP -3.9 -3.4 -1.9 -1.8 0.2 0.4
General government gross debt (7), ult. 701.1 705.3 698.2 705.5 711.2 713.7
(bill.Dkr.) Do., in percent GDP 80.2 76.2 72.1 70.0 67.3 64.4
Tax burden (percent of GDP) (8) 50.5 50.0 49.5 49.9 49.8 48.8
Expenditures (do.) (8) 64.2 62.2 60.4 59.7 57.4 55.8
Environment indicators : (9)
CO2-emissions (percentage growth) -1.4 -1.2 0 -1 -2 -2
SO2-emissions (do.) -22.3 -11.9 -1 -4 -10 -7
1. Excluding Czech Republic and Hungary.
2. Excluding Mexico and Turkey.
3. Excluding housing production of oil, gas and maritime transportation.
4. Excluding the certral bank.
5. Excluding public enterprises.
6. EUROSTAT defirition.
7. Masstricht definition.
8. Figures do not include the impact of (technical) changes concerning some
social benefits. In the period from 1994 to 1997 these changes amount to 1.9
percentage points on on the tax burden and 2.0 percentage points on expenditures.
9. In the historic years the emissions are adjusted for net import of electricity
and the CO2-emissions are further adjusted for fluctuation in climate.
The forecasts include adjustment for fluctuation in climate and are subject
to uncertainty.
TABLE S.2. USE AND SUPPLY OF GOODS AND SERVICES IN DENMARK 1993-1998.
1995 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
-Percentage real growth-
Bill.
Dkr.
Private consumption 519.7 2.3 6.6 2.1 2.4 2.5 3.0
Government consumption 243.9 3.0 2.0 0.5 1.5 1.0 0.5
Government investment 19.5 0.9 4.2 -4.7 0.2 0.9-12.1
Residential construction 31.3 -7.2 11.7 9.4 8.0 6.0 5.0
Business fixed investment 101.1 -4.7 -2.7 14.3 5.8 3.9 2.4
Of which business cycle sensitive 75.5-13.2 18.8 9.7 4.7 6.6 4.9
Domestic demand excl. stockbuilding 915.6 1.3 4.4 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.1
Change in stockbuilding (1) 12.4 -0.5 1.1 1.6 -1.4 0.2 0.5
Total domestic demand 928.0 0.8 5.6 4.8 1.1 2.5 2.6
Export of goods and services 330.4 -1.4 9.0 0.7 3.2 4.1 6.0
Of which manufactures 177.1 -3.7 11.1 5.9 0.0 4.2 6.0
Total demand 1258.5 0.1 6.7 3.5 1.8 3.1 3.2
Imports of goods and services 290.8 -3.8 13.6 5.6 0.9 3.6 4.7
Of which manufactures 221.4 -6.4 15.9 7.0 1.2 5.0 5.6
Gross domestic products 967.7 1.5 4.2 2.7 2.2 2.9 2.7
GDP at factor costs 828.2 1.4 3.1 2.8 2.1 2.9 2.7
Of which in private nonagricultural- 515.8 0.3 2.5 2.5 0.9 3.1 3.1
sector (2)
GDP per capita (1.000 Dkr.) 185.1 1.2 3.9 2.2 1.5 2.4 2.2
1. The volumes indicate the volume changes in stockbuilding in percent of
volume GDP in the preceding year.
2. Excluding housing production of oil and gas and maritime transportation.
--ข่าวเศรษฐกิจ สภาหอการค้าแห่งประเทศไทย ฉบับที่ 12 / 30 มิถุนายน 2540--
Year Denmark Germany France UK Italy Sweeden Netherlands EU USA
Foreign trade and current acount
Exports of goods and services, per cent of GD 1995 34.5 23.6 23.5 28.1 27.6 40.8 53.3 29.5 11.4
Imports of goods and services, do. 1995 30.4 22.8 21.1 29.0 23.4 34.5 46.9 27.6 13
Current account, do. 1995 1.0 -1.2 1.6 -1.8 2.4 0.6 5.2 0.5 -2.0
Net foreign debt, do. 1994 27.9 -9.9 6.6 -2.3 10.7 57.7 -13.0 - 11.7
Gross saving ratio, per cent of GDP* 1995 17.8 21.3 19.7 13.8 20.5 16.3 24.6 20.2 15.9
Gross fixed capital formation, do. 1995 16.0 21.7 18.0 15.2 17.0 14.5 19.4 18.9 17.6
Consumer prices, annual percentage increase 1995 2.1 1.8 1.7 3.4 5.2 2.5 1.9 3.0 2.8
Net official development aid, per cent of GDP 1993 1.03 0.44 0.66 0.34 0.42 1.33 0.88 - 0.19
Environment indiactors
CO2 emissions in proportion to GDP, EU=100 1993 96.7 104.0 65.2 130.9 91.5 61.9 120.9 100.0 180.2
1. PPPs = Parchasing Power Pareties
2. Including Building and construction.
3. Number, of employed as percentage of number of persons
between 15 and 64 years of age.
4. EUROSTAT-definition.
5. EMU-definition.
6. Data refer to 1994.
7. Data refer to 1992
Sources : European Comimission, AMECO, automo 1996 OECD Economic Outlook. No. 60, 1996.
OECD Emironmental Data Compendium 1995. EUROSTAT Danmarks statistik
TABLE S.1 KEY FIGURES FOR DENMARK
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percentage change from previous year 1.5 4.2 2.7 2.2 2.9 2.7
Real GDP 1.2 2.9 1.9 2.3 2.4 2.8
Real GDP in OECD countries (1) -0.3 3.1 2.5 2.1 2.4 2.8
Do., weighted with Danish exports of manufactu -4.0 12.4 6.1 4.9 6.1 7.2
Export markets, volume (manufactures) -1.4 -1.3 -3.9 0.4 -0.2 -0.9
International competitiveness
Consumer pride index 1.2 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.3
Hourly earnings 2.4 4.2 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.0
Merchandise export prices -1.9 0.7 2.0 0.9 1.2 1.8
Merchandise import prices -1.9 1.2 2.4 1.1 2.3 2.0
Merchandise terms of trade -0.0 -0.4 -0.4 -0.2 -1.0 -0.2
Productivity in private non-agricultural 1.8 2.3 -0.1 -0.0 1.5 1.8
sector (3)
Real disposable income, private sector (4) 2.6 4.0 2.9 0.5 0.9 3.3
Labour market :
Labour force (1.000 persons) 2835 2824 2809 2796 2810 2821
Employment (1.000 persons) 2486 2481 2521 2550 2585 2606
Of which in private sector 1706 1705 1747 1759 1783 1801
in public sector (5) 780 776 774 791 802 805
Percentage change in total employment -1.0 -0.2 1.6 1.2 1.4 0.8
Unemployment (1.000 persons) 349 343 288 246 225 215
Early retirements (1.000 persons) 113 119 138 169 173 175
Persons on leave (1.000 persons) 5 51 82 61 52 50
Unemployment rate (percent) 12.3 12.2 10.3 8.8 8.0 7.6
Unemployment rate (percent) (6) 10.1 8.2 7.1 6.2 6.0 5.6
Saving ratios (percent) :
Private sector 26.0 24.1 25.2 23.5 22.2 22.4
Households 5.6 3.6 5.1 4.4 3.3 3.1
Long term band yields, exchange rate :
10-year government bond 7.3 7.8 8.3 7.2 6.7 6.6
30-year mortgage credit bond 8.4 8.6 9.4 8.4 7.9 7.7
The effective krone-rate (index, 1980=100) 99.9 99.9 103.9 102.9 102.0 101.7
Balance of payments :
Goods and services (bill.Dkr.) 65.8 58.6 44.0 48.3 49.5 51.0
Current account (bill.Dkr) 31.4 20.4 9.4 12.0 13.0 15.0
Current account in percent of GDP 3.6 2.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3
Net foreign debt, ult., (bill.Dkr.) 291.0 259.0 266.0 255.0 243.0 229.0
Do., in percent GDP 33.3 27.9 27.4 25.2 22.9 20.6
Public finances :
Government net lending (bill.Dkr.) -33.9 -31.7 -18.7 -18.4 2.1 4.9
Do., in percent GDP -3.9 -3.4 -1.9 -1.8 0.2 0.4
General government gross debt (7), ult. 701.1 705.3 698.2 705.5 711.2 713.7
(bill.Dkr.) Do., in percent GDP 80.2 76.2 72.1 70.0 67.3 64.4
Tax burden (percent of GDP) (8) 50.5 50.0 49.5 49.9 49.8 48.8
Expenditures (do.) (8) 64.2 62.2 60.4 59.7 57.4 55.8
Environment indicators : (9)
CO2-emissions (percentage growth) -1.4 -1.2 0 -1 -2 -2
SO2-emissions (do.) -22.3 -11.9 -1 -4 -10 -7
1. Excluding Czech Republic and Hungary.
2. Excluding Mexico and Turkey.
3. Excluding housing production of oil, gas and maritime transportation.
4. Excluding the certral bank.
5. Excluding public enterprises.
6. EUROSTAT defirition.
7. Masstricht definition.
8. Figures do not include the impact of (technical) changes concerning some
social benefits. In the period from 1994 to 1997 these changes amount to 1.9
percentage points on on the tax burden and 2.0 percentage points on expenditures.
9. In the historic years the emissions are adjusted for net import of electricity
and the CO2-emissions are further adjusted for fluctuation in climate.
The forecasts include adjustment for fluctuation in climate and are subject
to uncertainty.
TABLE S.2. USE AND SUPPLY OF GOODS AND SERVICES IN DENMARK 1993-1998.
1995 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
-Percentage real growth-
Bill.
Dkr.
Private consumption 519.7 2.3 6.6 2.1 2.4 2.5 3.0
Government consumption 243.9 3.0 2.0 0.5 1.5 1.0 0.5
Government investment 19.5 0.9 4.2 -4.7 0.2 0.9-12.1
Residential construction 31.3 -7.2 11.7 9.4 8.0 6.0 5.0
Business fixed investment 101.1 -4.7 -2.7 14.3 5.8 3.9 2.4
Of which business cycle sensitive 75.5-13.2 18.8 9.7 4.7 6.6 4.9
Domestic demand excl. stockbuilding 915.6 1.3 4.4 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.1
Change in stockbuilding (1) 12.4 -0.5 1.1 1.6 -1.4 0.2 0.5
Total domestic demand 928.0 0.8 5.6 4.8 1.1 2.5 2.6
Export of goods and services 330.4 -1.4 9.0 0.7 3.2 4.1 6.0
Of which manufactures 177.1 -3.7 11.1 5.9 0.0 4.2 6.0
Total demand 1258.5 0.1 6.7 3.5 1.8 3.1 3.2
Imports of goods and services 290.8 -3.8 13.6 5.6 0.9 3.6 4.7
Of which manufactures 221.4 -6.4 15.9 7.0 1.2 5.0 5.6
Gross domestic products 967.7 1.5 4.2 2.7 2.2 2.9 2.7
GDP at factor costs 828.2 1.4 3.1 2.8 2.1 2.9 2.7
Of which in private nonagricultural- 515.8 0.3 2.5 2.5 0.9 3.1 3.1
sector (2)
GDP per capita (1.000 Dkr.) 185.1 1.2 3.9 2.2 1.5 2.4 2.2
1. The volumes indicate the volume changes in stockbuilding in percent of
volume GDP in the preceding year.
2. Excluding housing production of oil and gas and maritime transportation.
--ข่าวเศรษฐกิจ สภาหอการค้าแห่งประเทศไทย ฉบับที่ 12 / 30 มิถุนายน 2540--